In chemistry, what is electrical neutrality of an atom primarily determined by?

The electrical neutrality of an atom is determined by the balance of protons and electrons. An atom is considered electrically neutral when it has an equal number of positively charged protons in its nucleus and negatively charged electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Protons, which are found in the nucleus, bear a positive charge, while electrons have a negative charge. If the number of protons matches the number of electrons, the positive and negative charges cancel each other out, resulting in a neutral charge overall.

While the number of protons and the number of electrons are both key figures in establishing neutrality, it is the principle of balance between these two that ultimately defines the atom's electrical neutrality. If there are more protons than electrons, the atom becomes positively charged; conversely, if there are more electrons than protons, it becomes negatively charged.

The presence of neutrons does not affect the electrical neutrality because neutrons do not have any charge. Their role is primarily in contributing to the mass of the atom and influencing its stability, but they do not play a part in determining whether the atom has a neutral electrical charge.